Mycology

Mycology (from the Greek μύκης, mukēs, meaning "fungus") is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans as a source for tinder, medicinals (e.g., penicillin), food (e.g., beer, wine, cheese, edible mushrooms) and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as poisoning or infection.

From mycology arose the field of phytopathology, the study of plant diseases, and the two disciplines remain closely related because the vast majority of "plant" pathogens are fungi. A biologist who studies mycology is called a mycologist.

Historically, mycology was a branch of botany because, although fungi are evolutionarily more closely related to animals than to plants, this was not recognized until a few decades ago. Pioneer mycologists included Elias Magnus Fries, Christian Hendrik Persoon, Anton de Bary and Lewis David von Schweinitz.

Many fungi produce toxins, antibiotics and other secondary metabolites. For example the cosmopolitan (worldwide) genus Fusariumand their toxins associated with fatal outbreaks of alimentary toxic aleukia in humans were extensively studied by Abraham Joffe.

Fungi are fundamental for life on earth in their roles as symbionts, e.g. in the form of mycorrhizae, insect symbionts and lichens. Many fungi are able to break down complex organic biomolecules such as lignin, the more durable component of wood, and pollutants such as xenobiotics, petroleum, andpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. By decomposing these molecules, fungi play a critical role in the global carbon cycle.

Fungi and other organisms traditionally recognized as fungi, such as oomycetes and myxomycetes (slime molds), often are economically and socially important as some cause diseases of animals (such as histoplasmosis) as well as plants (such as Dutch elm disease and Rice blast).

Field meetings to find interesting species of fungi are known as 'forays', after the first such meeting organized by the Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club in 1868 and entitled "a foray among the fungi."

Mary, Queen of Scots

Mary, Queen of Scots - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mary, Queen of Scots (7 or 8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart[3] or Mary I of Scotland, was queen regent of Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567 and queen consort of France from 10 July 1559 to 5 December 1560. Mary was the only surviving legitimate child of King James V of Scotland. She was 6 days old when her father died and she succeeded to the throne. She was crowned nine months later. Mary spent most of her childhood in France whilst Scotland was ruled by regents, and in 1558, she married Francis, Dauphin of France. He ascended the French throne as King Francis II in 1559, and Mary briefly became queen consort of France, until she was widowed on 5 December 1560. Mary then returned to Scotland, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561, and began her personal reign as queen regnant. Four years later, she married her first cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, but their union was unhappy. In February 1567, his residence was destroyed by an explosion, and Darnley was found murdered in the garden. James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, was generally believed to have orchestrated Darnley's death, but he was acquitted of the charge in April 1567, and the following month he married Mary. Following an uprising against the couple, Mary was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle. On 24 July 1567, she was forced to abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son by Darnley, James. After an unsuccessful attempt to regain the throne, she fled southwards seeking the protection of her first cousin once removed, Queen Elizabeth I of England. Mary had previously claimed Elizabeth's throne as her own and was considered the legitimate sovereign of England by many English Catholics, including participants in a rebellion known as the Rising of the North. Perceiving her as a threat, Elizabeth had her confined in a number of castles and manor houses in the interior of England. After 18 years and 9 months in custody, Mary was found guilty of having plotted to assassinate Elizabeth, and executed.

Alfonso Ribeiro

Alfonso Lincoln Ribeiro (born September 21, 1971) is an American actor, television director, dancer, game show host, and comedian. Ribeiro is best known for his role as Carlton Banks on the NBC sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air and host of GSNshow Catch 21. He has also received attention for his performance in the title role of the Broadway musical The Tap Dance Kidand his appearance as a dancer in a Pepsi commercial also featuring Michael Jackson.^[1]

Contents  [hide]  1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links

Personal life

Ribeiro was born in New York City Riverdale area of the Bronx, to Michael and Joy (De Leon) Ribeiro.^[2] His parents are fromTrinidad and Tobago. ^[3] Ribeiro is the grandson of the late Roaring Lion, noted as one of the greatest Calypsonians.^[4]

Ribeiro married Robin Stapler in 2002. Divorce papers were filed August 9, 2006 in Los Angeles Superior Court, citing irreconcilable differences. The couple share joint custody of their daughter, Sienna Ribeiro.^[5] Ribeiro is engaged to Angela Unkrich and will be married in October 2012. They currently reside in Los Angeles.^[6]

Career

Ribeiro began his career at the age of eight. He first gained recognition in 1983, when he played a leading role in the Broadway musical The Tap Dance Kid. He received positive reviews for his performance, and was nominated for an Outer Critics Circle Award.^[2] He also appeared in one of Michael Jackson's Pepsi television commercials as a dancer in 1984. The same year, Ribeiro was cast as Rick Schroder's best friend on the TV series Silver Spoons.^[7] In 1985, Alfonso appeared as himself in a commercial on MTV advertising a dance instruction book he authored, called "Alfonso's Breakin' & Poppin' Book" (currently out of print).

Ribeiro's most notable role was that of spoiled, rich Carlton Banks in The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air from 1990 to 1996. He played the cousin to Will Smith's lead character; Ribeiro also directed some episodes of Fresh Prince. The Carlton character was known for frequently dancing to Tom Jones' "It's Not Unusual," a dance move that gained infamy as "The Carlton Dance."^[8] In 2008, Ribeiro began hosting the game show Catch 21 on GSN. He also directed some episodes of Meet the Browns.

College Football Scoreboard

1) How about the official SEC entrances for both Missouri and Texas A&M? Sporting News' Steve Greenberg will be in Columbia, Mo., covering the Missouri-Georgia game.

2) What about LSU, Sporting News' preseason No. 1 team that got jumped in the AP and coaches' polls this week by Alabama? Can the Bayou Bengals respond with a resounding victory against Washington, a rising Pac-12 team? The thing is, Steve Sarkisian and the Huskies are looking for the same signature win, Matt Hayes writes.

3) Other games worth tracking: Purdue at Notre Dame at 3:30 p.m. ET, and Nebraska at UCLA. The latter will be a homecoming of sorts for Cornhuskers QB Taylor Martinez, who is from California.

Devon Walker

TULSA, Okla. — Doctors say they will need to operate soon on Tulane safety Devon Walker, who is in stable condition after fracturing his spine in an apparent head-to-head collision with a teammate during a weekend game in Tulsa.

Tulane University’s athletics program said specialists treating Walker at a Tulsa hospital placed him in traction after Saturday’s injury and are treating him for a lot of swelling to the neck.

Nokia Broadens Apology Over Claims at Phone Launch

Nokia on Saturday expanded its apology for misleading marketing materials used in the launch of a new line of phones.

The company earlier this week admitted to not having used the “PureView” camera on Nokia’s forthcoming Lumia 920 hand-held device to shoot a portion of a video that initially was represented as being captured by technology on that phone. On Saturday, the company said additional pieces of the promotional material, such as still photography, were also a simulation.

Sandra Fluke’s 15 minutes keeps on going among Democrats

She was a known name only because Rush Limbaugh called her a “slut” after she was denied a chance to testify at a congressional hearing to advocate for birth-control coverage in the Affordable Care Act. She was the ruination of feminism. Ann Coulter tweeted, “Bill Clinton just impregnated Sandra Fluke backstage.”

The former president did ask to meet Fluke backstage after her address, she said Thursday.

He told her she did a great job, asked if she had been nervous, then volunteered:

“I’m nervous. I’m nervous about going out there and getting it right for the president,” Fluke said. To which she responded, “Sir. Please.”

Within the secure perimeter of Dem Worldhere, Fluke is an official star: recognized by the partisans who saw her in the convention center or on TV the night before as she described a stark choice for women between President Obama and Republican Mitt Romney. They wanted a picture, or a handshake, or to offer their thanks as she made her way from one media appearanceto another.

She is learning that it takes a long time to traverse a city block that way. She is learning that she has to avoid literal missteps, immediately jumping off a grate that blew up her dress in Marilynesque fashion. When her body man offered to give her a piggyback ride because her ankles were hurting, she smiled and said no.

Yes, Sandra Fluke now has a body man. He is her longtime boyfriend, Adam Mutterperl, a comedy writer and producer in Los Angeles — the guy who did the “JibJab” cartoons on “Saturday Night Live.” They got engaged this past spring, right before she graduated from law school and took the boards.

In jeans and a “Sesame Street” T-shirt, he was giving her cough drops when her voice cracked from so much talking. “I love being a body man, actually,” he said Thursday. “I can watch, read the signs, say, ‘It’s time to get her out of here.’ ”

She also is getting pro bono representation from the Democratic strategy firm SKDKnickerbocker. Her debt is piling up, she said, because most of the nonprofits to which she speaks can’t afford to pay her.

Fluke received the call from the Obama campaign two weeks ago to speak at the convention, while she was in Sacramento marching with domestic workers for a bill of rights, which she had worked on as a lawyer. “And I was marching with a suitcase, because I was going next to the airport” — to talk to Democrats in Manhattan — “and so it was a pretty chaotic phone call,” but she got the gist of the request.

She has been gratified, she said, by the number of men, young and old, who have voiced their support. “I get frustrated sometimes with young women. They never for one minute considered that women’s health policies might be limited. They say, ‘Oh, they won’t really roll back Roe v. Wade. They wouldn’t do that,’ ” Fluke said. “And I have to say, ‘Look at what they’ve already done.’ ”